Peer-reviewed publications and presentations at scientific conferences, both local, national, and international, will be used to disseminate our findings.
This paper investigates the current Bangladeshi tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) legislative environment, identifying potential loopholes to inform the development of complementary policy measures. Identifying valuable lessons transferable to other low- and middle-income nations was also a key focus of the study.
A qualitative health policy analysis, structured using the health policy triangle model, gathered publicly available information from academic literature search engines, news media databases, and websites of national and international organizations, up to December 2020. Textual data was coded and analyzed through a thematic framework, revealing themes, connections, and relationships.
Four core themes characterize the TAPS legislative framework in Bangladesh: (1) engagement of international actors in TAPS policy, (2) the gradual advancement of TAPS policy design, (3) the crucial role of prompt TAPS monitoring data, and (4) the creation of a modern and innovative system for monitoring and enforcing TAPS policies. The findings showcase how international actors—multinational organizations and donors, tobacco control advocates, and the tobacco industry—shape the policy-making process and the competing priorities that they advance. We additionally chart the evolution of TAPS policy in Bangladesh, highlighting the existing flaws and modifications over time. Finally, we present the novel approaches to TAPS monitoring and policy implementation in Bangladesh as means of confronting tobacco industry marketing strategies.
This study spotlights tobacco control advocates as vital players in TAPS policy-creation, oversight, and implementation within LMICs, and provides models of best practice for sustaining tobacco control programmes. Yet, the document also emphasizes that the obstruction of tobacco industry interference, alongside the rising pressure on advocates and legislators, may impede advancement in the tobacco endgame strategies.
This study examines the significance of tobacco control advocates' contributions to TAPS policy development, monitoring, and enforcement in low- and middle-income countries, outlining best practices for sustaining tobacco control programs. Still, it is also notable that the tobacco industry's interference, joined by the escalating pressure on advocates and legislators, might impede progress on tobacco endgame strategies.
Children under three showing signs of neurodevelopmental disorders are frequently assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), but its implementation becomes problematic in countries with limited resources. A clinical screening tool for developmental delay in children, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), is completed by parents or caregivers at low cost. Using the BSID-II as a benchmark, the study sought to measure the effectiveness of ASQ as a screening tool for moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental impairment in infants aged 12 and 18 months in low-resource countries.
Participants for the First Bites Complementary Feeding trial were enlisted from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Guatemala, and Pakistan between October 2008 and January 2011. Trained personnel administered the ASQ and BSID-II neurodevelopmental assessments on study participants at 12 and 18 months of age.
Infant data from both the ASQ and BSID-II assessments, pertaining to 1034 infants, underwent statistical analysis. Four of five ASQ domains exhibited specificities greater than 90% in predicting severe neurodevelopmental delays at the age of 18 months. Sensitivity values demonstrated a fluctuation from 23% to a high of 62%. The strongest correlations detected were the ones between the ASQ Communication subscale and the BSID-II Mental Development Index (MDI) with a correlation of 0.38, and the ASQ Gross Motor subscale and the BSID-II Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) with a correlation of 0.33.
By 18 months, the ASQ demonstrated high specificity but a moderate to low sensitivity in identifying children with BSID-II MDI and/or PDI scores under 70. For infants residing in rural, low-to-middle-income regions, the ASQ, when properly employed by skilled healthcare workers, can be a useful tool for the detection of serious developmental disabilities.
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A comprehensive study of NCT01084109, a piece of medical research, is recommended.
The research project aimed to examine the prevailing trends in the availability and readiness of Burkina Faso's healthcare system to deliver cardiometabolic (cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes) services, taking into account the backdrop of multiple political and security crises.
We examined previously collected nationwide cross-sectional data from Burkina Faso in a secondary analysis.
Data from four national health facility surveys, conducted using the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool between 2012 and 2018, formed the basis of our investigation.
The year 2012 saw a survey of 686 health facilities; in 2014, 766 health facilities were part of the survey; the 2016 survey included 677; and the 2018 survey covered 794 health facilities.
The significant results were service availability and readiness, measured in line with the standards of the SARA manual.
From 2012 to 2018, a substantial enhancement in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes care was witnessed, resulting in a 673% to 927% surge in CVD services and a 425% to 540% increase in diabetes services availability. The healthcare system's average readiness for managing CVD fell from 268% to 241%, a statistically significant decrease (p for trend <0.0001). biomimetic drug carriers The primary healthcare sector exhibited a notable rise in this trend, escalating from 260% to 216% (p<0.0001). Diabetes readiness index showed a statistically significant (p for trend = 0.007) increase from 2012 to 2018, rising from 354% to 411%. In the 2014-2018 period of crisis, both CVD (a reduction from 279% to 241%, p<0.0001) and diabetes (a decrease from 458% to 411%, p<0.0001) services demonstrated a decline in preparedness. In subnational regions, a substantial decrease was observed in the CVD readiness index, especially prominent in the Sahel region, the major insecure area, declining from 322% to 226%, which is statistically highly significant (p<0.0001).
The first monitoring phase exposed a low and decreasing trend in the healthcare system's preparedness for providing cardiometabolic care, specifically during the crisis period and in the regions experiencing conflict. Crises' effects on the healthcare system, particularly the mounting burden of cardiometabolic diseases, warrant heightened attention from policymakers.
Our initial monitoring research uncovered a low and decreasing preparedness of the healthcare system to address cardiometabolic care needs, specifically during periods of crisis and in conflict-affected regions. Crises' effects on the healthcare system, exacerbating the growing burden of cardiometabolic diseases, demand increased attention from policymakers.
To examine the perceptions and usage of a smartphone self-assessment tool for pre-eclampsia prediction among expectant mothers.
Qualitative research, employing a descriptive approach.
An obstetrical care unit, present at a university hospital in Denmark, offers specialized care.
For the study, twenty women from the Salurate trial—a clinical trial testing a smartphone-based self-test for pre-eclampsia—were selected, utilizing the maximum variation sampling method.
Data collection occurred through semistructured, one-on-one, face-to-face interviews, taking place between October 4th, 2018 and November 8th, 2018. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the verbatim transcribed data.
A qualitative thematic analysis revealed three principal themes: promoting awareness, integrating self-testing into prenatal care, and reliance on technological advancements. cachexia mediators Under each major theme, two secondary subjects were distinguished.
Potential exists for incorporating a smartphone-based self-test for predicting pre-eclampsia into antenatal care routines, and women indicated its practicality. Unfortunately, the testing process had a negative psychological impact on the women who took part, generating feelings of unease and insecurity regarding their safety. In the event of implementing self-testing, it is paramount to develop strategies for managing any subsequent psychological challenges, especially by increasing the understanding of pre-eclampsia and by consistently monitoring the psychological state of expectant mothers throughout their pregnancies by health professionals. Concurrently, a key point of emphasis should be placed on the importance of personal bodily sensations during pregnancy, particularly fetal movements. A deeper understanding of the subjective experiences associated with differing risk classifications for pre-eclampsia (low-risk versus high-risk) is crucial and should be explored in future studies, as it was not investigated in this trial.
The feasibility of use, as reported by women, highlights the potential for integration of a smartphone-based self-test for pre-eclampsia prediction into antenatal care. However, the testing process had a significant psychological effect on the women, leading to feelings of worry and anxiety about their safety. In the event of implementing self-testing protocols, it is crucial to proactively address potential psychological ramifications, including deepening knowledge regarding pre-eclampsia and consistently supporting the psychological health of expecting mothers throughout their gestation period. DUB inhibitor Subsequently, the necessity of emphasizing the importance of subjective physical sensations, particularly fetal movement, during pregnancy cannot be overstated. Future research should investigate the personal accounts of being categorized as low-risk or high-risk for pre-eclampsia, since this was not a component of this trial's methodology.